| The FD223a
is a dual differential, high impedance
amplifier/electrometer designed specifically for
electrochemical measurements using ion specific (K+, Na+, Cl-,
etc.) or pH glass microelectrodes. The instrument is very
stable, drift free, and features a built in provision for
measuring and adjusting input leakage current. DC levels may
be independently adjusted for each probe channel.
The ability to locate the sensing probes directly at the
measurement site overcomes the noise introduced by the long
cables usually needed to bring the measured potential to the
instrument. Signal-driven guards at the probe input
maintains the specified high resistance and reduces the
stray capacitance of the probes.
Careful design, coupled with quality component selection,
particularly in the headstage, results in an excellent
amplifier with low noise and wide bandwidth. The FD223a will
faithfully reproduce the measured signal.
To reduce the noise and stray capacity even
farther the probe housing includes a signal driven guard. A
portion of this inner driven shell is exposed at the probe
tip allowing a spring shield to be extended over the
electrode holder and microelectrode.


The amplifier features a probe test port that permits
testing of the electrode test feature and setting of the
probe leakage current, (IG). A standby mode is included and
should be used when attaching glass microelectrodes or
electrode holders to the probe input. While in the standby
mode the voltage at the probe input is clamped near zero
volts thus protecting the input.
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