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 FD223a High-Z Dual/Differential Electrometer
  A very high input-impedance electrometer designed for measurements with high resistance ion-selective microelectrodes.  



 

The FD223a is a dual differential, high impedance amplifier/electrometer designed specifically for electrochemical measurements using ion specific (K+, Na+, Cl-, etc.) or pH glass microelectrodes.

The instrument is very stable, drift free, and features a built in provision for measuring and adjusting input leakage current. DC levels may be independently adjusted for each probe channel.

The ability to locate the sensing probes directly at the measurement site overcomes the noise introduced by the long cables usually needed to bring the measured potential to the instrument. Signal-driven guards at the probe input maintains the specified high resistance and reduces the stray capacitance of the probes.

Careful design, coupled with quality component selection, particularly in the headstage, results in an excellent amplifier with low noise and wide bandwidth. The FD223a will faithfully reproduce the measured signal.

To reduce the noise and stray capacity even farther the probe housing includes a signal driven guard. A portion of this inner driven shell is exposed at the probe tip allowing a spring shield to be extended over the electrode holder and microelectrode.



 

The amplifier features a probe test port that permits testing of the electrode test feature and setting of the probe leakage current, (IG). A standby mode is included and should be used when attaching glass microelectrodes or electrode holders to the probe input. While in the standby mode the voltage at the probe input is clamped near zero volts thus protecting the input.

 
Citations
1. Miller, A.J., Zhen, R-G. (1991) "Measurements of intracellular nitrate concentrations in Chara using nitrate-selective microelectrodes". Planta, 184, pp.47-52.
2. Zhen, R-G., et al., (1991) "Compartmental nitrate concentrations in barley root cells measured with nitrate-selective microelectrodes and by single-cell sap sampling". Planta, 185, pp.356-361.
3. Walker, D.J. et al., (1996) "Potassium homeostasis in vacuolate plant cells". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, pp.10510-10514.
4. Wolf, Tilo (1998) "Nichtinvasive Messung von regionalen cerebralen Oxygenierungsaenderungen waehrend Leaos 'cortical spreading depression' und spontanen Depolarisationen bei fokaler cerebraler Ischaemie mit der Nah-Infrarot-Spektroskopie". Dissertation, Medizinische Fakultaet Charité der Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin.
Review
5. Miller, A.J. (1995) "Ion-selective microelectrodes for measurement of intracellular ion concentrations". Methods in Cell Biology, 49, pp. 275-291.
 
 

 

FD223 SPECIFICATIONS
INPUT RESISTANCE 1015 Ohms
INPUT CAPACITANCE 1.0 pF nominal
INPUT LEAKAGE CURRENT @ 20 °C 0.01 pA max (adjustable to zero)
VOLTAGE GAIN 1.000 ±0.1% (150 k output load)
OUTPUT RESISTANCE 1 k Ohms
INPUT VOLTAGE SWING ±10 V
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE INPUT ±50 V
RISETIME FOR STEP VOLTAGE 0.5 µs (10-90%, small signal)
NOISE OUTPUT 100 µV peak-to-peak
(INPUT SHORTED (DC-30 kHz bandwidth)
BASELINE STABILITY @ 20 °C ±0.1 mV/day
DC POSITION ADJUST RANGE ±600 mV
RANGES 0-199.9 mV, 0-1.999 V, 0-5 V, pX
ACCURACY ±0.1% or 1 digit
RESOLUTION 0.1 mV
POWER 95-135 V or 220-240 V, 50/60 Hz
SHIPPING WEIGHT 2.5 kg

MODELS

FD223a Dual Electrometer (with 2 probes) Add to Quote Basket
Specify line voltage
MEH1SF microelectrode holders included. Specify glass O.D. for microelectrodes: 1.0 mm, 1.2 mm, 1.5 mm, or 2.0 mm.
OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES  
FD223AP Replacement Probe (includes calibration)* Add to Quote Basket
*Instrument should be returned to WPI for free calibration with new probe.
2547 Driven Guard Shield for FD223P Probe Add to Quote Basket
2933 Rack Mount Kit, 51/4-in. high Add to Quote Basket
 
Rack Mounts | IE Series Liquid Ion Exchangers | Cables and Connectors | Manual
                             Note that WPI Equipment is NOT Designed for Human Use

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