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The
APOLLO 4000 is an optically isolated multi-channel free
radical analyzer designed specifically for the detection
of a variety of redox-reactive species of biomedical
importance. The electrochemical (amperometric) detection
principle used is similar to that employed in the Company's
popular nitric oxide detection system the ISO-NO (NOMK2).
However, the APOLLO 4000 incorporates numerous highly
advanced design features that enable it to detect a broad
range of redox-reactive species with unsurpassed accuracy
and sensitivity. Currently the system is able to detect
nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, s-nitrosothiols and
oxygen. However, on-going research at WPI is focusing on
expanding the range of detectable species. NO sensors used
with the ISO-NO are completely compatible with the APOLLO
4000.
KEY POINTS
-
2- or 4-channel systems allow simultaneous measurement
at different sites.
-
Each
channel easily configured to detect the species of
interest (e.g., have four channels for NO-detection;
or two channels for NO, one for hydrogen peroxide and
one for oxygen, etc.).
-
Measure
NO from < 0.3 nM to 100 µM.
-
Measure
hydrogen peroxide < 10 nM to 100 mM.
-
Measure
oxygen from 0.1% to 100%.
-
Real-time
detection using electrochemical microsensors.
-
Independent temperature measurement and display on all
channels.
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Integrated proprietary
software for real-time display and data-acquisition of
all channels.
-
DSP
(Digital Signal Processor) based 24-bit resolution A-D
data-acquisition greatly improves quality of data.
-
Current
measurement range from 100 fA to 10 µA (10-10A to
10-5A) permits wide dynamic range for detection.
-
Serial
Port (RS232), Ethernet Tbase-10/100, USB and Parallel
Port provides connectivity with any PC, computer
network, printer and similar devices.
-
DVD
CD Rewritable high speed drive for storage of acquired
data and program parameters.
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8
individual LED lights indicate which input channel
parameter is active
-
Slim-line
desktop control unit can be used on the bench or
rack-mounted
Design
Background
The APOLLO 4000 is the end result of an extensive
3-year research and development program aimed at
designing the most advanced multifunctional free
radical detection system available. Building on the Company's
worldwide-recognized expertise in the field
of nitric oxide detection and the success of its
popular NO detector (the ISO-NO series), WPI's scientists embarked on an ambitious plan to develop a
state-of-the-art free radical detection system
incorporating the very latest digital signal
processing technology.
Multi-channel
configuration
The APOLLO 4000 is based on an optically isolated
4-channel configuration (a 2-channel version is also
available). In addition, there are also 4 separate
channels for temperature measurement. The design
enables simultaneous real-time measurement of NO (or
other species) to be performed using up to 4 different
electrodes.
APOLLO 4000 incorporates a powerful single board
computer and proprietary software (FreeRad.exe) that
enables real-time display and data-acquisition of
individual channels or any combination of channels. An
extensive graphical user interface (GUI) based on a
full colour LCD monitor with touch-screen-control
allows complete control and programming of all
detection and data-acquisition parameters to be made
at a single touch. Alternatively, the instrument can
be controlled using a standard keyboard and mouse
(included).
The APOLLO 4000 consists of two functionally
independent modules: Front End Converter (FEC) and
User Interface (UI). The FEC is an 8-channel
data-acquisition module based on a 24-bit A-to-D and
16-bit D-to-A conversion driven by a Digital Signal
Processor (DSP). The User Interface is built on a
standard PC platform with Windows2000® operating
system. A standard serial port (RS232) provides the
communication between the FEC and UI. The system is
fully compatible with a standard keyboard and mouse
and can be readily interfaced with PCs, computer
networks, printers, and any device that uses Ethernet
Tbase-10/100, USB, Serial Port or Parallel Port
communications.
Plug-and-Play
Design
The APOLLO 4000 is designed for use with WPI's range of
nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and oxygen sensors.
The user simply plugs the required sensor into any one
of the input channels located on the instruments main
front panel and then selects the detection and
acquisition parameters using the touch screen LCD.
Each channel is also provided with an independent
temperature input port that allows real-time
monitoring of temperature using the available
temperature sensors.
Nitric
Oxide Sensors
APOLLO 4000 is fully compatible with all WPI ISO-NO
series of NO sensors (see page 47 for complete
selection guide). The 2.0 mm ISO-NOP can be plugged
directly into the front control panel of APOLLO 4000.
The nitric oxide micro sensors require the use of the
microsensor cable (#15810), which can then be plugged
directly into the front control panel of the
instrument.
Oxygen
Sensors
Two oxygen sensors are currently available. The
ISO-OXY-2 is a 2.0 mm stainless steel sensor, with
replaceable membrane sleeves (#5378) and an internal
refillable electrolyte (#7326). The sensor is similar
in design to WPI's popular OXEL-1
oxygen sensor
The ISO-OXY-100 is a 100 micron tip diameter oxygen
sensor. The sensor design is based on a flexible
activated carbon fibre sensing electrode coated with a
proprietary membrane that enhances oxygen detection.
| OXYGEN SENSOR
SPECIFICATIONS |
|
ISO-OXY-2 |
ISO-OXY-100 |
| APPLICATION |
Cell Cultures, etc. |
Tissue/Microvessels |
| SENSOR DIAMETER |
2.0 mm |
100 micron |
| RESPONSE TIME |
<10 SEC (90%) |
<5 SEC (90%) |
| DETECTION LIMIT |
0.1 % to 100% |
0.1 % to 100% |
| DRIFT |
<1%/min |
<1%/min |
| SENSITIVITY |
N/A |
N/A |
| PHYSIOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE |
none |
Contact WPI |
S-Nitrosothiols
Sensing
Several applications describing the use of WPI's nitric
oxide sensors for the detection of S-nitrosothiols
have recently been described (see page 47 for further
information).
Hydrogen Peroxide Sensors
Hydrogen Peroxide is produced in biological systems by
controlled pathways at low concentrations that impact
on cell signalling. At higher concentrations
inflammatory cells produce local intense amounts of
this oxidant to kill pathogens. In the development of
human disease uncontrolled formation of hydrogen
peroxide from the mitochondrial respiratory chain and
enzymes such as xanthine oxidase can occur (Prof.
Victor Darley-Usmar, Univ. of Alabama, pers. comm.).
Despite the recognized importance of this oxidant in
biology real-time measurements at low concentration
have been difficult. The hydrogen peroxide sensors
developed by WPI are designed to compliment existing
high sensitivity fluorescent approaches with direct
quantitative measurement in biological samples in the
low nM range.
Two hydrogen peroxide sensors are currently available.
The ISO-HPO-2 is a 2.0 mm stainless steel sensor, with
replaceable membrane sleeves (#600012) and an internal
refillable electrolyte (#100042). The sensor is
designed for use in cell cultures and similar
applications. The graph below Illustrates the
linearity of response of the sensor following
successive increases in hydrogen peroxide
concentration in solution.
The ISO-HPO-100 is a 100 micron tip diameter hydrogen
peroxide micro sensor designed for use in tissues and
similar applications. The sensor design is based on a
flexible activated carbon fibre sensing electrode
coated with a proprietary membrane that enhances
hydrogen peroxide detection.
Both sensors incorporate WPI's proprietary combination
electrode technology whereby the hydrogen peroxide
sensing element and separate reference electrode are
encased within a single Faraday-shielded probe design.
This design has been shown to enhance performance
during measurements and minimizes overall sensor size.
| HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
SENSOR SPECIFICATIONS |
|
ISO-HPO-2 |
ISO-HPO-100 |
| APPLICATION |
Cell Cultures, etc. |
Tissue/Microvessels |
| SENSOR DIAMETER |
2.0 mm |
100 micron |
| RESPONSE TIME |
<5 SEC (90%) |
<5 SEC (90%) |
| DETECTION LIMIT |
<100 nM to 100 mM |
<10 nM to 1 mM |
| DRIFT |
<0.1 pA/min |
<1.0 pA/min |
| SENSITIVITY |
0.2 pA/nM |
1 pA/nM |
| PHYSIOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE |
none |
Contact WPI |
Temperature
Sensor
The temperature sensor (#ISO-TEMP-2) is based on a 2.0
mm tip diameter high quality miniature platinum RTD
(Resistance Temperature Detector) electrode. This
design has been shown to provide greater accuracy,
stability and interchangeability during temperature
measurements than traditional thermistor and
thermocouple sensors.
|
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| SPECIFICATIONS |
| Number
of Channels |
8 (4
Sensor + 4 Temperature) |
| Concentration
Measurement |
| Ranges
of Measurement |
10nA,
0.1˜µA, 1µA, 10µA |
| Signal
to Noise Ratio |
106
dB (100,000 : 1) |
| Limit
of Detection |
50
fA |
| Absolute
Accuracy |
1% |
| Poise
Voltage Range |
0
– 2V |
| Poise
Voltage Setting Accuracy |
50
µV |
| Temperature
Measurement |
| Measurement
Element |
Platinum
RTD |
| Accuracy |
0.1
% Degree Celsius |
| Interchangeability
Error |
0.2
% Degree Celsius |
| User
Interface |
| Display |
12”
Diagonal Color LCD |
| Touch
screen |
Resistive |
| Resolution |
SVGA
(600x800); 16,777,215 colors |
| Operating
System |
Windows
2000 |
| Compatibility
(Interface) |
Printer
port, 2 USB ports, 10/100 Base T Ethernet,
PS2 keyboard and mouse |
| Dimensions
(H x W x D) |
5.25”
x 16.73” x 10” (compatible with 19”
rack) |
| Weight |
13lb |
| Note:
Due to continued development, the
functionality and the performance parameters
of the system may be changed without a
notice. |
|
MODELS |
APOLLO 4000 System
System includes the APOLLO 4000
instrument and associated software, colour
LCD display, temperature sensor, cables,
keyboard, mouse, manuals. |
| APOLLO4000-4 |
4-Channel Free Radical Analyzer System
Includes one sensor (specify) and one
start-up kit
|
 |
| APOLLO4000-2 |
2-Channel Free Radical Analyzer System
Includes one start-up kit with purchase of
sensor (specify)
|
|
| UPGRADE-APOLLO |
Converts APOLLO4000-2 to APOLLO4000-4 |
|
| INST-APOLLO |
Installation and Training |
|
| Nitric
Oxide Accessories |
| 5435 ISONOP |
Startup Kit (recommended with first
purchase) |
|
| ISO-NOP |
Replacement 2 mm shielded sensor and cable |
|
| ISO-NOPF100 |
100 µm Flexible NO Sensor, pkg of 2 |
|
| ISO-NOPF200 |
200 µm Flexible NO Sensor, pkg of 2 |
|
| ISO-NOP007 |
7 µm Nitric Oxide Sensor (pkg of 3) |
|
| ISO-NOPMC |
Microchip Nitric Oxide Sensor (6-month
warranty) |
|
| ISO-NOP3020 |
30 µm Sensor Tips (2 mm length), pkg of 3
(requires #15810) |
|
| ISO-NOP3005 |
30 µm Sensor Tips (0.5 mm fibre), pkg of
3 (requires #15810) |
|
| ISO-NOPNM |
100 nm NanoSensor, pkg of 3 (requires
cable #15810) |
|
| ISO-NOP30-L |
L-Shaped NO Sensor, pkg of 3 |
|
| 5436 |
Replacement Sleeve Kit for 2 mm sensor,
pkg of 4 |
|
| 7325 |
ISO-NO Electrolyte (10 mL) |
|
| 7521 |
ISO-NO Electrolyte, CO2-insensitive (10 mL) |
|
| 5399 |
T-Adapter Kit (pkg of 3) for ISO-NOP |
|
| 7357 |
Nitrite Standard Solution, 1 gram/litre
(100 mL) |
|
| Hydrogen
Peroxide Accessories |
| 600011 |
ISO-HPO Startup Kit (recommended with
first purchase) |
|
| ISO-HPO-2 |
2mm Shielded HPO Sensor & Cable |
|
| ISO-HPO-100 |
100 µm HPO Sensor (requires #15810), pkg
of 3 |
|
| 600012 |
Replacement Sleeve Kit for ISO-HPO-2, pkg
of 4 |
|
| 100042 |
ISO-HPO-2 Electrolyte (10 mL) |
|
| Oxygen
Accessories |
| 5377 |
ISO-OXY Startup Kit (recommended with
first purchase) |
|
| ISO-OXY-2 |
2 mm Shielded Oxygen Sensor & Cable |
|
| ISO-OXY-100 |
100 µm Oxygen Sensor, pkg of 3 |
|
| 5378 |
Replacement Electrode Sleeve Kit, pkg of 4 |
|
| 7326 |
ISO2 Filling Solution (electrolyte) |
|
| Temperature
Accessories |
| ISO-TEMP-2 |
2 mm Platinum RTD Temperature Sensor
(requires #15810) |
|
| General
accessories |
| 15810 |
Microsensor Adapter Cable |
|
| NOCHM-4 |
Four-Port Closed Chamber |
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| NO
Electrodes 
| Demo
Request
| Manual |
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français
+49
(0)30 6188845
+45 (0)36 988 355
