LWCC-4010
Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell, 10 cm pathlength
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- Accessories
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Overview
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Long pathlengths for small sample volumes
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10 cm pathlength, 0.31 mL internal volume
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50–500 fold sensitivity improvement in comparison to 1cm cuvette
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2 mm ID for unfiltered liquid samples
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SMA 905 fiber optic connections
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Wavelength Range: 230-720nm with MilliPore water
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Extends into the NIR by switching water to methanol
Benefits
- Adapts to most fiber optic detection systems
- 20 years of manufacturing experience
- Low UV drift
Applications
- Trace detection of nutrients (nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, iron) in seawater
- Environmental and oceanographic monitoring
- Drinking water analysis
- Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM)
- Process control
UV/VIS/NIR absorbance spectroscopy is governed by Beer’s Law, where the absorbance signal is proportional to chemical concentration, light path length and the compound’s specific molar absorption coefficient. Typical optical pathlengths of cuvettes and flow cells are between 0.2cm and 10 cm. Longer pathlengths are difficult to achieve due to mechanical constraints. Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cells (LWCCs) fill this gap. LWCCs are fiber optic flow cells that combine an increased optical pathlength (10–500 cm) with small sample volumes ranging from 2.4 µL to about 3mL. Compared with a standard 1cm cell, a 1 mAU signal is enhanced one hundred fold with a 100 cm flowcell to 100 mAU, using WPI’s patented aqueous waveguide technology.*
They can be connected via optical fibers to a spectrophotometer with fiber optic capabilities. Ultra-sensitive absorbance measurements can be performed in the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) to detect low sample concentrations in a laboratory or process control environment.
Your sample is the core of a light guide
WPI’s Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cells are made of fused silica tubing with an outer coating of a low refractive index polymer. Your liquid sample is guided through the capillary and represents the core of the waveguide. The hydrophilic character of the fused silica capillary inner wall results in high signal stability and easy removal of air bubbles trapped in the flow cell. However, the transmission of the LWCC is mainly dependent on the intrinsic attenuation of the sample liquid.
Transmission into the NIR is possible when switiching water to methanol as a solvent.
Connections
The LWCC-3xxx series of flow cells uses traditional HPLC type 10-32 coned port fittings with 1/32 inch tubing for liquid connection and 500 µm SMA fiber optic adapters for light input and output. The LWCC-4xxx series of flow cells uses 1/4-28 flangless flat bottom fittings with 0.125" tubing 600 µm SMA fiber optic adapters.
Liquid can be pumped into the flow cells using (in the simplest case) a sample injector (58006) and a ministar peristaltic pump (MINISTAR). The LWCC may be connected directly to a fluid injection analysis (FIA) system or to a gas segmented fluid injection analysis (GFIA) system via a debubbler.
For routing discrete measurements, WPI’s LWCC Injection system (89372) may be used when the sample is injected into a constant flow via an injection loop of 3–4 times the internal flow cell volume to ensure a stable baseline and avoid the introduction of micro air bubbles into the flow cell.
Example LWCC Measurement Setup and Order code
TIDAS E Photo Diode Array Spectrometer UV/VIS (504718)
Deuterium/Halogen Fiber Light Source (D4H)
Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell, 10 cm pathlength(LWCC-4010)
WVLUXUVIS-S-600-SMA x2 (505195)
*LWCC Start-up Kit (KITLWCC)
*includes two fiber cables, sample injector attachement, MiniStar Peristaltic Pump and Waveguide Cleaning Kit.
Accessory: LWCC Injection System(89372) for flow analysis and simple fluid injection analysis (FIA) setups,
Applications
LWCCs have been used in a variety of applications such as liquid chromatography, stopped-flow and colormetric detection, drinking water analysis, as well as environmental and oceanographic monitoring systems.
Related Patents
Micro Chemical Analysis Employing Flow Through Detectors, 1995, U.S. Patent No. 5,444,807.
Aqueous Fluid Core Waveguide, 1996, U.S. Patent No. 5,507,447.
Long Capillary Waveguide Raman Cell, 1997, U.S. Patent No. 5,604,587.
Chemical Sensing Techniques Employing Liquid-Core Optical Fibers, U.S. Patent No. 6,016,372
These spectra show the optimal detection limits for LWCCs of varying pathlength.
An illustration of a complete WPI long pathlength liquid absorbance system for trace detection.
Typical LWCC setup includes an injection system, a pump, and a spectrophotometer.
Specifications
| LWCC-3050 | LWCC-3100 | LWCC-3250 | LWCC-3500 | LWCC-4010 | LWCC-4050 | LWCC-4100 | |
| Optical Pathlength | 50 cm | 100 cm | 250 cm | 500 cm | 10 cm | 50 cm | 100 cm |
| Internal Volume | 125 µL | 250 µL | 625 µL | 1250 µL | 0.31 mL | 1.57 mL | 3.1 mL |
| Fiber Connection | 500 µm SMA | 600µm SMA | |||||
| Transmission @254nm* | 20 | 10 | 5 | - | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| Transmission @540nm* | 35 | 30 | 25 | 20 | 5 | 4 | 3 |
| Noise [mAU]** | <0.1 | <0.2 | <0.1 | <1.0 | <0.1 | <0.2 | <0.5 |
| Maximum Pressure | 100 PSI | ||||||
| Wetted Material | PEEK, Fused Silica, PTFE | ||||||
| Liquid Input | Standard 10-32 Coned Port Fitting | ||||||
* Referenced using coupled 500µm fibers
** Measured using ASTM E685-93
*** A one-meter waveguide of 550µm internal diameter requires approximately 1.5PSI for water flow of 1.0mL/min.
When comparing light throughput versus wavelength of three fiber optic cables, the greater the diameter of the cable, the better the LWCC performance up to 500µm which is the input diameter of the SMA connector.
Accessories
Citations
Lefering, I., Röttgers, R., Utschig, C., & McKee, D. (2017). Uncertainty budgets for liquid waveguide CDOM absorption measurements. Applied Optics, 56(22), 6357. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.56.006357
Miranda, J. L. A., Mesquita, R. B. R., Nunes, A., Rangel, M., & Rangel, A. O. S. S. (2016). Iron speciation in natural waters by sequential injection analysis with a hexadentate 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone chelator as chromogenic agent. Talanta, 148, 633–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.05.062
Ehama, M., Hashihama, F., Kinouchi, S., Kanda, J., & Saito, H. (2016). Sensitive determination of total particulate phosphorus and particulate inorganic phosphorus in seawater using liquid waveguide spectrophotometry. Talanta, 153, 66–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.02.058
Violaki, K., Fang, T., Mihalopoulos, N., Weber, R., & Nenes, A. (2016). Real-Time, Online Automated System for Measurement of Water-Soluble Reactive Phosphate Ions in Atmospheric Particles. Analytical Chemistry, 88(14), 7163–7170. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01264
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Hashihama, F., Kanda, J., Tauchi, A., Kodama, T., Saito, H., & Furuya, K. (2015). Liquid waveguide spectrophotometric measurement of nanomolar ammonium in seawater based on the indophenol reaction with o -phenylphenol (OPP). Talanta, 143, 374–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.05.007
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Liu, Y., & Lu, K. (2015). In situ Monitoring of Atmospheric Nitrous Acid based on Multi-pumping flow system and Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell: development and field applications. EGU General Assembly 2015, Held 12-17 April, 2015 in Vienna, Austria. Id.8298, 17.
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Wise, M. E., Imholt, F., & Caylor, R. (2014). Composition and Optical Properties of Secondary Organic Aerosol Particles. Retrieved from http://commons.cu-portland.edu/mathscienceresearch
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Feng, S., Zhang, M., Huang, Y., Yuan, D., & Zhu, Y. (2013). Simultaneous determination of nanomolar nitrite and nitrate in seawater using reverse flow injection analysis coupled with a long path length liquid waveguide capillary cell. Talanta, 117, 456–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.09.042
Sánchez-Quiles, D., Tovar-Sánchez, A., & Horstkotte, B. (2013). Titanium determination by multisyringe flow injection analysis system and a liquid waveguide capillary cell in solid and liquid environmental samples. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 76(1–2), 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.09.024
Tóth, I. V, Santos, I. C., Azevedo, C. F. M., Fernandes, J. F. S., Páscoa, R. N. M. J., Mesquita, R. B. R., & Rangel, A. O. S. S. (2013). Flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of bromate in bottled drinking water samples using chlorpromazine reagent and a liquid waveguide capillary cell. Analytical Sciences?: The International Journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry, 29(5), 563–570. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23665631
Zimmer, L. A., Cutter, G. A., & High, ". (2012). High Resolution Determination of Nanomolar Concentrations of Dissolved Reactive Phosphate in Ocean Surface Waters Using Long Path Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cells (LWCC) and Spectrometric Detection. OEAS Faculty Publications. Paper, 46. https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2012.10.568
Bianchi, F., Dommen, J., Mathot, S., & Baltensperger, U. (2012). On-line determination of ammonia at low pptv mixing ratios in the CLOUD chamber. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 5(7), 1719–1725. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1719-2012
Horstkotte, B., Alexovic, M., Maya, F., Duarte, C. M., Andruch, V., & Cerdá, V. (2012). Automatic determination of copper by in-syringe dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of its bathocuproine-complex using long path-length spectrophotometric detection. Talanta, 99, 349–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.05.063
Nuno, R., De, M., & Páscoa, J. (2011). EXPLOITING THE USE OF A LIQUID WAVEGUIDE CAPILLARY CELL FOR SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATIONS IN FLOW-BASED SYSTEMS. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/openview/af6e8eef15339d85d69d9846a84d3dc1/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y
Páscoa, R. N. M. J., Tóth, I. V., & Rangel, A. O. S. S. (2011). Spectrophotometric determination of zinc and copper in a multi-syringe flow injection analysis system using a liquid waveguide capillary cell: Application to natural waters. Talanta, 84(5), 1267–1272. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TALANTA.2011.01.023
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